Backskin material for solar energy modules

ABSTRACT

A solar energy module includes one or more solar cells, each having a front side for receiving light and an opposite back side. An encapsulant material covers at least the front side of each of the solar cells. The solar energy module also includes a backskin layer formed from a cross-linked mixture of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and acid copolymer bonded to the back side of each of the solar cells.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 61/173,449, filed on Apr. 28, 2009, entitledBackskin Material For Photovoltaic Modules, which is hereby incorporatedby reference.

BACKGROUND

The present application relates generally to solar energy modules and,more particularly, to a backskin material to protect and seal solarcells.

Solar energy modules include solar cells (also known as photovoltaiccells) for generating electricity from sunlight. The most common type ofsolar cell is a crystalline silicon solar cell. Other types of solarcells are based on thin film technology. Thin film solar cells can bemade, e.g., from amorphous silicon (α-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), andcopper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). Other types of solar cellsinclude cells that are made from polymers, so-called dye sensitizedcells, and nano particles.

Crystalline silicon solar cell modules as well as many thin film moduleshave a sheet of glass on the light receiving side (i.e., front side) anda polymeric sheet on the back side of the module. The polymeric sheet onthe back side of the module is usually termed the backskin.

A widely used backskin is a three layered laminate utilizing a vinylfluoride film such as Tedlar® (a trademark of E. I. DuPont de Nemoursand Company, Wilmington, Del.) as an outer layer of the three layers.The outer layer is generally on the order of about 1 to 2 mils thick.The center layer of this type of conventional backskin material isusually formed from a layer of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and istypically about 6 to 8 mils thick. Examples of materials utilized forthe formation of the inner layer include Tedlar® and ethylene vinylacetate (EVA).

Components of photovoltaic modules can be subjected to qualificationrequirements established by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) ofNorthbrook, Ill. for meeting certain electrical and mechanicalcharacteristics. In particular, photovoltaic modules and theircomponents are tested to determine their Relative Thermal Index (RTI).The RTI is a measure of the creep resistance of a material at hightemperatures. Materials in a photovoltaic module have a minimumtemperature requirement of 90° C. and typically are subjected totemperatures as high as about 150° C. during testing.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

A solar energy module in accordance with one or more embodimentsincludes one or more solar cells, each having a front side for receivinglight and an opposite back side. An encapsulant material covers at leastthe front side of each of the solar cells. The solar energy module alsoincludes a backskin layer formed from a cross-linked mixture of highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) and acid copolymer bonded to the back sideof each of the solar cells.

One or more further embodiments are directed to a backskin for a solarenergy module. The backskin comprises a sheet having a thickness ofabout 10 to 40 mils of a cross-linked HDPE and acid copolymer mixtureincluding one or more additives selected from the group consisting ofmineral fillers, pigments, and fillers designed to enhance thermalconductivity such as AlN, SiC, ZnO, BN, MgO, Al₂O₃ and combinationsthereof.

One or more further embodiments are directed to a method ofmanufacturing a solar energy module. The method includes the steps of:providing one or more solar cells, each solar cell having a front sidefor receiving light and an opposite back side; bonding an encapsulantmaterial to the one or more solar cells to form an encapsulant coatingcovering at least the front side of each of the one or more solar cells;providing a backskin layer formed from a cross-linked high densitypolyethylene (HDPE) and acid copolymer mixture formed into a sheet; andbonding the backskin layer to the back side of each of the one or moresolar cells.

Various embodiments of the invention are provided in the followingdetailed description. As will be realized, the invention is capable ofother and different embodiments, and its several details may be capableof modifications in various respects, all without departing from theinvention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regardedas illustrative in nature and not in a restrictive or limiting sense,with the scope of the application being indicated in the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a simplified cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic module inaccordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 1B is a simplified cross-sectional view of an alternativephotovoltaic module in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 2A is a simplified cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic-thermalmodule in accordance with one or more embodiments.

FIG. 2B is a simplified cross-sectional view of an alternativephotovoltaic-thermal module in accordance with one or more embodiments.

Like reference numbers denote like components in the figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with one or more embodiments, a backskin comprising across-linked high density polyethylene (HDPE) and acid copolymer mixtureis provided for solar energy modules. The backskin can be used forvarious types of solar energy modules including “PV” or photovoltaicmodules (which generate electricity from sunlight) and “PVT” orphotovoltaic-thermal modules (which generate electricity and collectheat from sunlight).

The backskin comprises a sheet formed from a cross-linked HDPE and acidcopolymer mixture, which can be produced using recycled (i.e., postconsumer) HDPE. The backskin is generally inexpensive to produce as theraw materials used for its production are inexpensive and widelyavailable. The cost savings realized in the production of the backskinmaterial in accordance with various embodiments over conventionalbackskin materials can lead to a reduction in the cost of electricitygenerated by photovoltaic modules.

An acid copolymer is added to raw HDPE materials prior to cross-linkingthe mixture. The acid copolymer provides improved adhesive properties tothe backskin, particularly for adhering to aluminum. For example, about10% to 80% acid copolymer can be added to an HDPE resin, which is thenformed into a sheet that is irradiated with an electron beam to form across linked HDPE-acid copolymer sheet. The backskin preferably includesno ionomer additives.

As normally constituted, HDPE has two characteristics that could renderit unsuitable use in a solar energy module. Normally constituted HDPEhas a high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) ranging from 59 to110×10⁻⁶/° C. In comparison, glass has a CTE value of about 9×10⁻⁶/° C.As a result of this difference in CTE values between HDPE and glass,contraction on cooling of a solar energy module with glass on the frontand HDPE as the backskin can result in unacceptable stresses on theglass and the rest of the PV module. Normally constituted HDPE is alsonot likely meet RTI minimal requirement of 90° C. HDPE melts at about130° C. so, as normally constituted, it would not satisfy the RTI testsand requirements.

As a result, the HDPE-acid copolymer material utilized in variousembodiments disclosed herein is cross-linked. By cross linking theHDPE-acid copolymer (which can be made using recycled HDPE), thematerial properties can be tailored for use within a solar energymodule. For example, the CTE value of a cross-linked HDPE-acid copolymermaterial can be reduced to be closer to the CTE of glass. In addition,HDPE-acid copolymer material can be cross-linked to improve itselectrical properties such as, e.g., to increase its dielectricproperties, as well as to improve its mechanical properties such as,e.g., to provide for an increase in the modulus of elasticity of theHDPE-acid copolymer material. Cross linking can be accomplished inseveral ways. It can be done, e.g., by the addition of vinyl silanes andsubsequent moisture cure. Cross linking can also be accomplished by theaddition of peroxides to the resin before processing. In addition,cross-linking can be achieved by subjecting the material to electronbeam irradiation after it has been formed into sheet.

In one or more embodiments, the HDPE-acid copolymer material utilized insolar energy modules is further modified by the addition of mineralfillers. In some embodiments, mineral fillers are added to the HDPEmixture or post consumer HDPE prior to forming a sheet and irradiatingthe sheet to cross link the HDPE mixture to form the backskin material.Exemplary mineral fillers include, without limitation, calciumcarbonate, dolomite, conventional kaolin clays, nano particulate clays,silica, talc, wollastonite and mica. The mineral fillers can be in theform of nano particles. In particular, the mineral fillers have adimension (length, width, depth, diameter, etc.) that is less than about500 nm such as, e.g., 250 nm, 200 nm, 100 nm, 50 nm, 25 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm,and 1 nm. The mineral fillers can modify the material properties of theHDPE-acid copolymer material. For example, additions of calciumcarbonate particles can provide a further reduction in the CTE value ofthe HDPE-acid copolymer material. Another possible filler material isglass. A glass filler can be provided in the HDPE-acid copolymer inparticle form or as a fiber. The glass filler can also have a nanosizeddimension.

In one or more embodiments, the cross linked HDPE-acid copolymermaterial is filled with aluminum nitride (AlN). Aluminum nitride isknown to have a high thermal conductivity while still being anon-conductor electrically. (See, e.g., Geon-Woong Lee et al, “EnhancedThermal Conductivity Of Polymer Composites Filled With Hybrid Filler,”Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 37, Issue 5,May 2005, p. 727-734.) By using an AlN filled cross-linked HDPE backskinmaterial, a photovoltaic module may have an increased effectiveness atdissipating heating during operation. Photovoltaic modules, especiallycrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules, generate less power as theyget hotter. Increasing the thermal conductivity of the backskin materialhelps to remove some of the heat collected in the module, thus resultingin more power generated from the module. Such backskin material could beparticularly useful for low concentration (e.g., up to about 10×) solarcell modules where, because of the concentrated sunlight, much greaterheating is possible. An aluminum nitride filler can also further reducethe CTE value of the cross-linked HDPE material. Other possible fillersto increase the thermal conductivity include SiC, ZnO, BN, MgO, Al₂O₃and combinations thereof.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, pigments may be added tocolor or tint the backskin material. For example, up to about 10 weightpercent TiO₂ particles can be added to color the backskin material whiteand/or increase its reflectivity. In another embodiment, up to about 5weight percent carbon black is added to color the backskin materialblack. Other pigments producing colors other than white or black canalso be used. In one or more further embodiments, light stabilizers,such as up to about 0.5 weight percent of a hindered amine lightstabilizer can be added to the backskin material to inhibit yellowing ordiscolorization of the backskin material.

One or more embodiments are directed a method for encapsulating aphotovoltaic material. In general, HDPE is known to have a high surfaceenergy. As a result of the high surface energy of the backskin (even asmodified with a mixture of acid copolymer and through cross linking andaddition of filler materials), it can be difficult to adhere otherpolymer layers to the backskin material. In accordance with one or moreembodiments, this can be addressed through a process of lamination.Surprisingly, Applicant has found that a backskin layer including across-linked HDPE-acid copolymer material can be adhered to anencapsulant layer (e.g., a transparent layer used for protection of thecell and generally formed of ethylene vinyl acetate, an ionomer, or anacid copolymer) by heating one or both of the encapsulant layer andbackskin layer to a temperature close to (e.g., ±5° C.) their respectivemelting points and then applying pressure to laminate the layerstogether. In this way, it has been demonstrated that sheets of HDPE-acidcopolymer can be bonded with thin layers of encapsulant materials suchas, e.g., ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or ionomer or the precursor toionomer, or acid copolymers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acidand ethylene. Similarly, the sheet of HDPE-acid copolymer can be bondedwith a thin layer of ionomer or acid copolymer to form an outer layerused to facilitate attachment of a photovoltaic module to a mountingdevice, such as an aluminum mounting plate or bracket.

FIG. 1A is a simplified cross-sectional view of a PV solar energymodule, in particular a photovoltaic module 100, in accordance with oneor more embodiments. (FIG. 1A as well as the other figures in thisapplication are schematic and not drawn to scale.) The photovoltaicmodule 100 includes one or more photovoltaic or solar cells 102 arrangedin a layer. Examples of suitable materials for the photovoltaic cells102 include, but are not limited to, crystalline silicon, thin filmsolar cells (e.g., amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copperindium gallium diselenide), and solar cells made from polymers,so-called dye sensitized cells, and nano particles.

The front sides of the photovoltaic cells 102 (i.e., the side exposed tolight) are covered by an encapsulant layer 104. A backskin layer 106 isprovided on the back side of the photovoltaic cells 102. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 1A, the encapsulant layer 104 wraps completelyaround the photovoltaic cells 102, sealing the photovoltaic material.The backskin layer 106 is applied directly on the encapsulant layer 104.

FIG. 1B illustrates a photovoltaic module 120, in which the encapsulantlayer 104 covers the front and sides of the photovoltaic cells 102, butdoes not wrap around to the back sides of the cells 102. In this case,the backskin layer 106 is applied directly to the back sides of thecells 102.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, an outer layer 108 formed ofan ionomer or an acid copolymer is provided on the back side of thebackskin layer 106 (i.e., the side of the backskin layer 106 oppositethe photovoltaic cells 102). The outer layer 108 can be relatively thin(e.g., less than about 25 mils) and is provided to facilitate bondingbetween the photovoltaic modules 100 or 120 and a mounting device suchas an aluminum plate or bracket.

A transparent front cover 110 of glass or a polymer is disposed on thefront side of the encapsulant layer 104 to seal and protect the solarcells and other components from impact and environmental degradation.

FIG. 2A is a simplified cross-sectional view of a PVT solar energymodule 200 in accordance with one or more embodiments. In addition togenerating electricity, the module 200 removes heat collected in themodule by transferring it to a thermal transfer fluid. As with thephotovoltaic module 100, the module 200 includes one or morephotovoltaic or solar cells 102 arranged in a layer. An encapsulantlayer 104 wraps completely around the photovoltaic cells 102, sealingthe photovoltaic material. A backskin layer 106 is applied directly onthe encapsulant layer 104. The module 200 includes a solar thermal unit204 on the back side of the backskin layer 106 opposite to the solarcells. The solar thermal unit 204 includes a plurality of conduits 206extending the unit 204. A thermal transfer fluid flows through theconduits. Heat from the solar cells 102 is conducted through theencapsulant layer and the backskin layer to the thermal transfer fluid.

The thermal transfer fluid can comprise various types of thermaltransfer liquids including, e.g., water or a water-glycol mixture. Thethermal transfer fluid flows through the unit 204 and the heatedtransfer fluid can be accumulated and stored in a tank until needed.

FIG. 2B is a simplified cross-sectional view of an alternate PVT solarenergy module 220, in which the encapsulant layer 104 covers the frontand sides of the photovoltaic cells 102, but does not wrap around to theback sides of the cells 102. In this case, the backskin layer 106 isapplied directly to the back sides of the cells 102.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, an optional layer ofaluminum 202 is provided between the backskin 106 and the solar thermalunit 204. The layer of aluminum 202 has one side bonded to the backskin106 and an opposite side bonded to the solar thermal unit 204. The layerof aluminum 202 can have a thickness of about 1 to 63 mils.

In other embodiments, the backskin is bonded directly to the back sideof solar cells, which can include an aluminum back contact coveringsubstantially the entire back surface of the solar cell.

The backskin layer 106 for the various embodiments described herein isformed from a cross-linked HDPE-acid copolymer mixture. HDPE is alow-cost, widely available polymer. The backskin layer 106 can be madefrom recycled HDPE, which is generally readily available, e.g., fromused milk bottles. A recent article in Waste Age magazine (April 2007issue) reported that about 0.8 million tons of scrap HDPE bottles(mostly milk bottles) are produced each year. As a result of this largeavailability of waste HDPE, HDPE for use as backskin material can beinexpensive and readily available. (It is estimated that only 60,000tons of HDPE will be needed to create backskin material for 10 gigawattsof solar energy modules.)

An HDPE-acid copolymer material can provide improved barrier propertiesto the ingress of water vapor and oxygen into a module compared toconventional backskin materials. For example, for water vaportransmission, a Tedlar® conventional backskin has a value of 0.36gm/m²/24 hr, whereas non cross-linked HDPE (assuming a thickness of 20mils) is 0.003 gm/m²/24 hr, more than 100 times better. Cross-linkingfurther improves this number. Thus, a cross-linked HDPE-acid copolymerbackskin can be a better alternative both in performance and cost toTedlar®. Additionally, a cross-linked HDPE-acid copolymer backskin canbe more cost effective than the tempered window glass used in some casesas backskin for crystalline silicon and thin film modules.

In one or more embodiments, the backskin layer 106 is made from sheetsof HDPE-acid copolymer that are irradiated with an electron beam tocross link the HDPE-acid copolymer. The radiation dosage is preferablyabout 10 megarads or less.

In some embodiments, the backskin layer will have a thickness of betweenabout 10 mils to 50 mils (e.g., 10 mils to 40 mils thick or 20 mils to35 mils thick). In certain embodiments, the HDPE sheets are made fromrecycled HDPE material (e.g., milk bottles/containers formed in part ofHDPE).

It is also possible to cross link the HDPE-acid copolymer material usingtechniques other than electron beam irradiation. For example, vinylsilanes can be added to an HDPE-acid copolymer mixture followed by amoisture cure to obtain a cross-linked HDPE material.

In one or more embodiments, fillers or additives are introduced in thebackskin layer 106. For example, mineral fillers such as calciumcarbonate, dolomite, conventional kaolin clays, nano particulate clays,silica, talc, wollastonite, mica, and glass can be added to theHDPE-acid copolymer materials prior to cross linking it. The mineralfillers can be in the form of nano particles. Without being bound bytheory, it is believed that the addition of the mineral fillers providesa reduction in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) value of thecross linked HDPE-acid copolymer material. The fillers may also be usedto tailor material properties other than the CTE value of the HDPE-acidcopolymer material including, e.g., melting temperature, modulus ofelasticity, thermal conductivity, or reflectivity.

Other additives can also be introduced to modify the material propertiesof the cross linked backskin material, in particular the resistance todegradation under exposure to ultra violet light contained in the solarspectrum, e.g., up to 0.5% of a hindered amine light stabilizer.

A method for producing the backskin material used in layer 106 inaccordance with one or more embodiments can include the steps of:obtaining used milk bottles; recycling the milk bottles to produce anHDPE resin; adding an acid copolymer and optionally one or more fillersand/or additives to the resin; forming a sheet from the resin having athickness of about 10 to 40 mils; and irradiating the sheet with anelectron beam to form a cross linked HDPE-acid copolymer sheet.

A method of producing a solar energy module in accordance with one ormore embodiments includes the steps of: providing one or morephotovoltaic cells 102; applying an encapsulant material 104 on thecells 102 to form an encapsulant coating about the photovoltaic cells102; applying a backskin layer 106 formed from a cross linked HDPE-acidcopolymer sheet having a thickness of about 10 to 40 mils to the backside of the cells 102 in direct contact with at least a portion of theencapsulant coating; heating at least one the backskin layer 106 and theencapsulant material 104 to a temperature that is substantially similarto its respective melting point temperature; and applying pressure tolaminate at least a portion of the backskin layer 106 to the encapsulantmaterial 104. In one or more embodiments, the method further includesbonding a solar thermal unit to the backskin layer to transfer heat fromthe solar cells to a thermal transfer fluid.

A method for forming a solar energy module in accordance with one ormore further embodiments includes the steps of: providing one or morephotovoltaic cells 102; applying an encapsulant material 104 to a frontside of photovoltaic cells 102 to form an encapsulant layer; applying abackskin layer 106 formed from a cross-linked HDPE-acid copolymer sheethaving a thickness of about 10 to 40 mils to the back side of thephotovoltaic cells 102; bonding a solar thermal unit to the backskinlayer to transfer heat from the solar cells to a thermal transfer fluid.

A method for forming a solar energy module in accordance with one ormore further embodiments includes the steps of: providing one or morephotovoltaic cells 102; applying an encapsulant material 104 to a frontside of photovoltaic cells 102 to form an encapsulant layer; applying abackskin layer 106 formed from a cross-linked HDPE-acid copolymer sheethaving a thickness of about 10 to 40 mils to the back side of thephotovoltaic cells 102; applying an outer layer 108 formed of ionomer oracid copolymer to the backskin layer 106; heating at least one of thebackskin layer 106 and the outer layer 108 to a temperature that issubstantially similar to its respective melting point temperature; andapplying pressure to laminate at least a portion of the backskin layer106 to the outer layer 108.

It is to be understood that although the invention has been describedabove in terms of particular embodiments, the foregoing embodiments areprovided as illustrative only, and do not limit or define the scope ofthe invention. Various other embodiments, including but not limited tothe following, are also within the scope of the claims. For example,elements and components described herein may be further divided intoadditional components or joined together to form fewer components forperforming the same functions.

Having described preferred embodiments of the present invention, itshould be apparent that modifications can be made without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the invention.

1. A solar energy module, comprising: one or more solar cells, each solar cell having a front side for receiving light and an opposite back side; an encapsulant material covering at least the front side of each of the one or more solar cells; and a backskin layer formed from a cross-linked mixture of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and acid copolymer bonded to the back side of each of the one or more solar cells.
 2. The solar energy module of claim 1 further comprising a solar thermal unit attached to a side of the backskin layer opposite to the one or more solar cells for transferring heat from the one or more solar cells to a thermal transfer fluid flowing through the solar thermal unit.
 3. The solar energy module of claim 2 further comprising a layer of aluminum between the backskin and the solar thermal unit, said layer of aluminum having one side bonded to the backskin and an opposite side bonded to the solar thermal unit.
 4. The solar energy module of claim 1 wherein the layer of aluminum has a thickness of about 1 to 63 mils.
 5. The solar energy module of claim 1 wherein the backskin layer has a thickness of about 10 to 40 mils.
 6. The solar energy module of claim 1 wherein the backskin layer is laminated on the back side of each of the one or more solar cells.
 7. The solar energy module of claim 1 further comprising a front glass cover disposed on the encapsulant material on the front side of the one or more solar cells, and wherein the backskin layer includes additives or fillers for reducing the thermal coefficient of expansion of the HDPE sheet to be closer to that of the front glass cover.
 8. The solar energy module of claim 1 wherein the mixture comprises about 10% to 80% acid copolymer.
 9. The solar energy module of claim 1 wherein the acid copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid or ethylene and methacryclic acid.
 10. The solar energy module of claim 1 wherein the backskin layer is formed by irradiating a sheet of an HDPE-acid copolymer mixture with an electron beam to cross-link the HDPE.
 11. The solar energy module of claim 1 wherein the backskin layer is formed by adding vinyl silanes to the mixture of HDPE and acid copolymer and moisture curing the resulting mixture to cross-link the HDPE.
 12. The solar energy module of claim 1 wherein the backskin layer includes one or more additives.
 13. The solar energy module of claim 12 wherein the one or more additives comprise one or more mineral fillers selected from the group consisting of dolomite, conventional kaolin clays, silica, talc, wollastonite, CaCo₃ mica, glass, and combinations thereof.
 14. The solar energy module of claim 12 wherein the one or more additives comprise nano particles.
 15. The solar energy module of claim 12 wherein the one or more additives comprise at least one color additive or pigment.
 16. The solar energy module of claim 15 wherein the color additive or pigment comprises up to about 10% of TiO₂ to make the backskin material white or reflective.
 17. The solar energy module of claim 15 wherein the additive comprises up to about 0.5% of a hindered amine light stabilizer.
 18. The solar energy module of claim 15 wherein the color additive or pigment comprises up to about 5% carbon black to make the backskin material black.
 19. The solar energy module of claim 12 wherein the one or more additives comprise AlN, SiC, ZnO, BN, MgO, or Al₂O₃, or combinations thereof.
 20. The solar energy module of claim 1 wherein the encapsulant material covers the front side and the back side of each of the one or more solar cells, and wherein the backskin layer is bonded to the encapsulant material on the back side of the one or more solar cells.
 21. A backskin for a solar energy module, the backskin comprising a sheet having a thickness of about 10 to 40 mils of a cross-linked HDPE and acid copolymer mixture including one or more additives selected from the group consisting of acid copolymers, mineral fillers, pigments, AlN, SiC, ZnO, BN, MgO, Al₂O₃ and combinations thereof.
 22. The backskin of claim 21 wherein the backskin is formed by irradiating a sheet formed from the mixture of HDPE and acid copolymer with an electron beam to cross-link the HDPE.
 23. The backskin of claim 21 wherein the backskin is formed by adding vinyl silanes to the HDPE and copolymer mixture and moisture curing the resulting mixture to cross-link the HDPE.
 24. The backskin of claim 21 wherein the mineral fillers are selected from the group consisting of dolomite, conventional kaolin clays, silica, talc, wollastonite, CaCo₃ mica, glass, and combinations thereof.
 25. The backskin of claim 21 wherein the one or more additives comprise nano particles.
 26. The backskin of claim 21 wherein the pigments comprise up to about 10% of TiO₂ to make the backskin white or reflective.
 27. The backskin material of claim 21 wherein the additive comprises up to about 0.5% of a hindered amine light stabilizer.
 28. The backskin of claim 21 wherein the pigments comprise up to about 5% carbon black to make the backskin material black.
 29. A method of manufacturing a solar energy module, comprising the steps of: providing one or more solar cells, each solar cell having a front side for receiving light and an opposite back side; bonding an encapsulant material to the one or more solar cells to form an encapsulant coating covering at least the front side of each of the one or more solar cells; providing a backskin layer formed from a cross-linked high density polyethylene (HDPE) and acid copolymer mixture formed into a sheet; and bonding the backskin layer to the back side of each of the one or more solar cells.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the encapsulant coating covers the front side and the back side of each of the one or more solar cells, and wherein bonding the backskin layer comprises applying the backskin layer to the encapsulant coating and heating at least one of the backskin layer and the encapsulant coating to a temperature substantially above its melting point temperature, and applying pressure to laminate the backskin layer to the encapsulant coating.
 31. The method of claim 29 further comprising attaching a solar thermal unit to a side of the backskin layer opposite to the one or more solar cells, said solar thermal unit being adapted to transfer heat from the one or more solar cells to a thermal transfer fluid flowing through the solar thermal unit.
 32. The method of claim 31 wherein attaching a solar thermal unit comprises bonding one side of a layer of aluminum to the backskin and an opposite side of the layer of aluminum to the solar thermal unit.
 33. The method of claim 32 wherein attaching a solar thermal unit comprises bonding one side of the backskin to back contacts of each of the one or more solar cells or bonding the one side of the backskin to an encapsulant coating covering the back side of each of the one or more solar cells.
 34. The method of claim 29 wherein the cross-linked HDPE and acid copolymer sheet has a thickness of about 10 to 40 mils.
 35. The method of claim 29 further comprising attaching a front glass cover on the encapsulant material on the front side of the one or more solar cells, and wherein providing the backskin layer comprises adding additives or fillers to material forming the HDPE and acid copolymer sheet prior to cross-linking the sheet for reducing the thermal coefficient of expansion of the HDPE and acid copolymer sheet so that it is closer to that of the front glass cover.
 36. The method of claim 29 wherein providing the backskin layer comprises forming the backskin layer by irradiating a sheet of an HDPE-acid copolymer mixture with an electron beam to cross-link it.
 37. The method of claim 29 wherein providing the backskin layer comprises forming the backskin layer by adding vinyl silanes to the HDPE and acid copolymer material and moisture curing the resulting mixture to cross-link it.
 38. The method of claim 29 wherein the acid copolymer comprises a copolymer of either ethylene and acrylic acid or ethylene and methacryclic acid.
 39. The method of claim 38 wherein the mixture comprises about 10% to 80% acid copolymer.
 40. The method of claim 29 wherein providing the backskin layer comprises adding one or more additives to the HDPE and acid copolymer mixture.
 41. The method of claim 29 wherein the one or more additives comprise one or more mineral fillers selected from the group consisting of dolomite, conventional kaolin clays, silica, talc, wollastonite, CaCo3 mica, glass, and combinations thereof.
 42. The method of claim 40 wherein the one or more additives comprise nano particles.
 43. The method of claim 40 wherein the one or more additives comprise at least one color additive or pigment.
 44. The method of claim 43 wherein the color additive or pigment comprises up to about 10% of TiO₂ to make the backskin material white or reflective.
 45. The method of claim 43 wherein the additive comprises up to about 0.5% of a hindered amine light stabilizer.
 46. The method of claim 43 wherein the color additive or pigment comprises up to about 5% carbon black to make the backskin material black.
 47. The method of claim 40 wherein the one or more additives comprise AlN, SiC, ZnO, BN, MgO, or Al₂O₃ or combinations thereof.
 48. The method of claim 29 wherein providing the backskin layer comprises forming the backskin layer from a recycled source of HDPE. 